<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">observer</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Обозреватель-Observer</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Обозреватель–Observer</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2074-2975</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Институт стран СНГ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48137/2074-2975_2022_02_50</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">observer-144</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Политология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Political sciences</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Афганская модель децентрализованных сетевых структур</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Afghan model of decentralized network structures. A look at the dynamics of political order in Afghanistan</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нессар</surname><given-names>М. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nessar</surname><given-names>M. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>НЕССАР Мохаммад Омар – кандидат исторических наук, старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>NESSAR Mohammad O. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nessar@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комлева</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Komleva</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>КОМЛЕВА Валентина Вячеславовна – доктор социологических наук, профессор, заместитель директора по науке; заведующая кафедрой зарубежного регионоведения и международного сотрудничества</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>KOMLEVA Valentina V. – DSc (Soc.), head of the Analytics department of the; head of the Department of regional studies and international cooperation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">komleva@nicrus.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт Востоковедения</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Oriental Studies, RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский институт развития коммуникаций; РАНХиГС при Президенте РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Institute for Communications Development; Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Нессар М.О., Комлева В.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нессар М.О., Комлева В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nessar M.O., Komleva V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.observer-journal.ru/jour/article/view/144">https://www.observer-journal.ru/jour/article/view/144</self-uri><abstract><p>В отличие от распространённых геополитических и исторических трактовок политических событий в Афганистане авторы рассматривают связь смены политических порядков с особенностями афганского общества. Сделан вывод о существовании особого типа структурирования социальных связей («афганская модель общества децентрализованных сетевых структур», «афганского сетевого феномена»), которые воспроизводятся и влияют на устойчивость политических порядков начиная с середины ХХ в.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Abstract. In contrast to common geopolitical and historical interpretations of political events in Afghanistan the authors analyze connection between the change in political order and the peculiarities of Afghan society. The conclusion is made about the existence of a special type of social contracting («the Afghan model of society of decentralized network structures»), «the Afghan network phenomenon» which have been reproduced and influence the stability of political orders since the middle of the twentieth century.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Афганистан</kwd><kwd>политические сети</kwd><kwd>гражданские сети</kwd><kwd>социальные сети</kwd><kwd>пуштуны</kwd><kwd>талибы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Afghanistan</kwd><kwd>political networks</kwd><kwd>civil networks</kwd><kwd>social networks</kwd><kwd>Pashtuns</kwd><kwd>Taliban</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абдул Латиф Педрам: Афганистан должен стать федеративным государством // Афганистан.Ру. 2017. 1 мая // URL: https://afghanistan.ru/doc/109715.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdul Latif Pedram: Afganistan dolzhen stat’ federativnym gosudarstvom // Afganistan.Ru. 2017. 1 maya // URL: https://afghanistan.ru/doc/109715.html</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Барсукова С. Ю. Традиции изучения сетевого обмена дарами, 2008 URL: http://www.mirrossii.ru/db/msg/182574.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barsukova S. YU. Tradicii izucheniya setevogo obmena darami, 2008 URL: http://www.mirrossii.ru/db/msg/182574.html</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">История Афганистана / отв. ред. Ю. В. Ганковский. М.: Мысль, 1982. – 368 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Istoriya Afganistana / otv. red. YU. V. Gankovskij. M.: Mysl’, 1982. – 368 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Назарчук А. В. Сетевое общество и его философское осмысление // Вопросы философии. 2008. № 7. С. 61–75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nazarchuk A. V. Setevoe obshchestvo i ego filosofskoe osmyslenie // Voprosy filosofii.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Недовольство местных командиров Талибан в Панджшере // URL: https://afghanistan.ru/doc/147214.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">№ 7. S. 61–75</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нессар О. Политическое развитие Афганистана: оценки и прогнозы (2001–2014 гг.). М.: ИВ РАН, 2017. – 140 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nedovol’stvo mestnyh komandirov Taliban v Pandzhshere // URL: https://afghanistan.ru/doc/147214.html</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нессар О. Правительство национального единства в Афганистане // Вестник Института востоковедения РАН. 2018. № 3. С. 145–154.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nessar O. Politicheskoe razvitie Afganistana: ocenki i prognozy (2001–2014 gg.). M.: IV RAN, 2017. – 140 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нессар О. Этноплеменной фактор и политический процесс в современном Афганистане // Ислам на Ближнем и Среднем Востоке. 2015. № 9. С. 379–383.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nessar O. Pravitel’stvo nacional’nogo edinstva v Afganistane // Vestnik Instituta vostokovedeniya RAN. 2018. № 3. S. 145–154</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Олескин А. В. Сетевое общество и сетевые парадигмы в биосистемах. О сетевом социализме // URL: libre.life/cracy/net/oleskin/1/ru</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nessar O. Etnoplemennoj faktor i politicheskij process v sovremennom Afganistane // Islam na Blizhnem i Srednem Vostoke. 2015. № 9. S. 379–383</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Олескин А. В. Сетевые структуры в биосистемах и человеческом социуме. Научная монография и учебное пособие для лицеев, колледжей и университетов. М.: URSS, 2012. – 280 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oleskin A. V. Setevoe obshchestvo i setevye paradigmy v biosistemah. O setevom socializme // URL: libre.life/cracy/net/oleskin/1/ru</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Олескин А. В. Сетевые структуры в биосистемах и человеческом социуме. М.: URSS, 2012. – 301 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oleskin A. V. Setevye struktury v biosistemah i chelovecheskom sociume. Nauchnaya monografiya i uchebnoe posobie dlya liceev, kolledzhej i universitetov. M.: URSS, 2012. – 280 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Олескин А. В. Сетевые структуры и задача сохранения этнической и региональной идентичности в условиях глобализации // URL: http://biopolitika.ru/publ/2-1-0-46</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oleskin A. V. Setevye struktury v biosistemah i chelovecheskom sociume. M.: URSS, 2012. – 301 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Олескин А. В., Курдюмов В. С. Мегасети и сетевая идеология // URL: https://storage.strategy24.ru/files/news/202106/3fdd5e40bec1ddad07e7894185aea32e.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oleskin A. V. Setevye struktury i zadacha sohraneniya etnicheskoj i regional’noj identichnosti v usloviyah globalizacii // URL: http://biopolitika.ru/publ/2-1-0-46</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пауэлл У., Смит-Дор Л. Сети и хозяйственная жизнь // URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/seti-ihozyaystvennaya-zhizn/viewer</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oleskin A. V., Kurdyumov V. S. Megaseti i setevaya ideologiya // URL: https://storage.strategy24.ru/files/news/202106/3fdd5e40bec1ddad07e7894185aea32e.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Подшибякина Т. А. Диффузионные политические сети: динамические аспекты сетевой теории и практики // Политическая наука. 2021. № 4. С. 117–134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pauell U., Smit-Dor L. Seti i hozyajstvennaya zhizn’ // URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/seti-i-hozyaystvennaya-zhizn/viewer</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сморгунов Л. В. Сетевой подход к политике и управлению // Полис. 2001. № 3. С. 103–112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Podshibyakina T. A. Diffuzionnye politicheskie seti: dinamicheskie aspekty setevoj teorii i praktiki // Politicheskaya nauka. 2021. № 4. S. 117–134</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сморгунов Л. В., Шерстобитов А. С. Политические сети: Теория и методы анализа. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2014. –320 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smorgunov L. V. Setevoj podhod k politike i upravleniyu // Polis. 2001. № 3. S. 103–112</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Detained Islamic Emirate Commander Brought to Kabul // ToloNews. 2022. 16 January // URL: https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-176332</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smorgunov L. V., SHerstobitov A. S. Politicheskie seti: Teoriya i metody analiza. M.: Aspekt Press, 2014. – 320 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Since the Taliban takeover, 40% of Afghan media have closed, 80% of women journalists have lost their jobs // RSF.2021. 20 December. 12 // URL: https://rsf.org/en/news/taliban-takeover-40-afghan-media-have-closed-80-women-journalists-have-lost-their-jobs</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Detained Islamic Emirate Commander Brought to Kabul // ToloNews. 2022. 16 January // URL: https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-176332</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/IF10604.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Since the Taliban takeover, 40% of Afghan media have closed, 80% of women journalists have lost their jobs // RSF.2021. 20 December. 12 // URL: https://rsf.org/en/news/taliban-takeover-40-afghan-media-have-closed-80-women-journalists-have-lost-their-jobs</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/2010/02/100208_k02-afg-acbar-aid-figures</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/IF10604.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-55696044</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/2010/02/100208_k02-afg-acbar-aid-figures</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">libre.life/cracy/net/oleskin/1/ru</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-55696044</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">libre.life/cracy/net/oleskin/1/ru</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">libre.life/cracy/net/oleskin/1/ru</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://www.rand.org/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">libre.life/cracy/net/oleskin/1/ru</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://www.rand.org/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://www.rand.org/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
