A Decade of Arab Spring in Egypt and Tunisia: outcomes and prospects
https://doi.org/10.48137/2074-2975_2021_8_81
Abstract
The Arab Spring, which began in Tunisia and Egypt almost simultaneously, initially developed in a similar scenario, but in the face of sharp social polarization after 2013, counter-revolutionary tendencies began to prevail in Egypt, and in Tunisia Islamists gained power. For both countries, whatever political forces dominate, the success of their political project mainly depends on progress in alleviating the socio-economic crisis.
About the Authors
R. N. ShangaraevRussian Federation
SHANGARAEV Ruslan N. – Ph.D. of Economic Sciences Associate Professor of the Department of Public Administration in Foreign Policy
A. A. Kashina
Russian Federation
KASHINA Anna A. – Ph.D. of Political Science Assistant Professor of the Department of Oriental languages
References
1. Vidyasova M. Egipet posle revolyucii 2011 g. CH. 1 // Obozrevatel’–Observer. 2013. № 11. S. 60–69
2. Vidyasova M. Egipet posle revolyucii 2011 g. CH. 2 // Obozrevatel’–Observer. 2013. № 12. S. 116–127
3. Eremina N.V. «Sverhnovaya revolyucionnaya situaciya»: obshchestvennyj slom bez lidera ili upravlyaemaya transformaciya sistem? // RSMD. 13 aprelya 2021 // URL: https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/sverkhnovaya-revolyutsionnaya-situatsiya-obshchestvennyy-slom-bez-lidera-iliupravlyaemaya-transform/
4. Kashina A.A. Tunisskaya molodyozh’ na politicheskoj scene // Vostochnyj al’manah. 2017. Vyp. I. M.: Kvant Media. S. 42–52
5. Korotaev A. V., Zin’kina YU. V . Egipetskaya revolyuciya 2011 goda: sociodemograficheskij analiz // Istoricheskaya psihologiya i sociologiya istorii. 2011. № 2 // URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/egipetskaya-revolyutsiya2011-goda-sotsiodemograficheskiy-analiz
6. Krylov A.V. «Arabskaya vesna» v kontekste planov peresmotra granic Bol’shogo Blizhnego Vostoka // MGIMO, 2012 // URL: https://mgimo.ru/about/news/experts/220009/
7. Manojlo A. V. Ukrainskij krizis i «Upravlyaemyj haos»: sled «Cvetnyh revolyucij» Arabskoj vesny // Vlast’. 2014. № 4 // URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ukrainskiy-krizis-i-upravlyaemyy-haos-sled-tsvetnyh-revolyutsiy-arabskoy-vesny
8. Fituni L.L. «Arabskaya vesna» v global’nom i regional’nom izmereniyah // Protestnye dvizheniya v arabskih stranah. Predposylki, osobennosti, perspektivy. Materialy konferencii «Kruglogo stola». Centr civilizacionnyh i regional’nyh issledovanij Instituta Afriki RAN (30 maya 2011 g.) / otv. red. I.V. Sledzevskij, A.D. Savateev. M., 2012. S. 76–89
9. SHangaraev R. N. Social’nye seti v kontekste informacionnoj bezopasnosti gosudarstva // Voprosy nacional’nyh i federativnyh otnoshenij. 2020. T. 10. № 5. S. 1210–1216
10. Arab Barometer Wave V // Arab Barometer // URL: https://www.arabbarometer.org/surveys/arab-barometer-wave-v/
11. Brudzinska K. Support for NGOs in Tunisia after the Arab Spring. PISM. 2014. № 61 // URL: https://www.pism.pl/files/?id_plik=17211
12. Carothers T. Democracy Policy under Obama Revitalization or Retreat? // URL: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/democracy_under_obama.pdf
13. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) // URL: https://www.capmas.gov.eg/
14. Elagati M. Foreign Funding in Egypt after the Revolution // URL: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/162759/WP_EGYPT.pdf
15. Fahmi G. The Arab Spring 10 Years On.– Chatham house, 26.01.2021 // URL: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/01/arab-spring-10-years
16. Guilmain O. L’influence des ONG américaines sur le printemps arabe: l’exemple de la National Endowment for Democracy // La face cache des revolutions arabes. Р.: Ellipses, 2012. Р. 385–414.
17. Housseini B. Middle-Eastern and North African NGOs’ Participation in the United Nations Economic and Social Council: Current Situation, Challenges and Solutions.
18. Website UN. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2009 // URL: http://csonet.org/content/documents/MENA.pdf
19. Institut National de la Statistique (INS) // URL: http://www.ins.tn/
20. Law 84 on Non-governmental organization // International Center for Not-for-Profit Law, 2002 // URL: http://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Egypt/law84–2002-En.pdf
21. Najjar F. Egypt’s NGO law aims to ’erase civil society’ // Aljazeera, 2017 // URL: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/02/egypt-ngo-law-aims-erasecivil-society-170215121321442.html
22. Sadiki L. Unruliness through Space and Time. Reconstructing «Peoplehood» in the Arab Spring // Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring Routledge, 2015 // URL: https://goo.gl/7APwmH
23. Secretary Clinton on Middle East Uprisings and Transition Process. 7 November 2011 // URL: https://www.c-span.org/video/?302532–1/secretary-clintonmiddle-east-uprisings-transition-process
24. Tunisia: Security threats index // TheGlobalEconomy.com // URL: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Tunisia/security_threats_index/
Review
For citations:
Shangaraev R.N., Kashina A.A. A Decade of Arab Spring in Egypt and Tunisia: outcomes and prospects. Обозреватель–Observer. 2021;(8):81-92. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.48137/2074-2975_2021_8_81